正解: BCorrect: B
人は良い変化にすぐ慣れる（快楽順応）ため、目標達成の幸福感は一時的です。達成が持続的な幸福をもたらすという誤った信念が到達の誤謬です。People quickly adapt to positive changes (hedonic adaptation), so the happiness of achievement is temporary. The mistaken belief that arrival brings lasting happiness is the arrival fallacy.
ブリックマンとキャンベルが1971年に提唱した「快楽のトレッドミル」は、人が収入増、昇進、新居などの良い出来事に短期間で順応し、幸福感が元の水準に戻る傾向を指します。宝くじ当選者の幸福度が1年後には対照群と大差なかったという有名な研究（Brickman et al., 1978）はその例証としてよく引用されます。「到達の誤謬（arrival fallacy）」はタル・ベン・シャハーが名づけた概念で、目標地点に到達すれば持続的な幸福が得られるという誤った期待を指します。両者を組み合わせると、目標に向かう過程で期待が膨らみ、達成の瞬間に順応が始まり、落差として空虚感が生じる仕組みが説明できます。選択肢1、3、4はそれぞれ実在する概念ですが、この現象の説明にはなりません。対処として、ソニア・リュボミアスキーの研究は、達成型の目標よりも、関係性や成長のプロセスに注意を向ける活動の方が順応しにくいことを示しています。The 'hedonic treadmill', proposed by Brickman and Campbell in 1971, describes how people adapt quickly to positive events such as raises, promotions, or a new home, with happiness returning to baseline. The well-known study finding that lottery winners were not much happier than controls a year later (Brickman et al., 1978) is often cited as an illustration. The 'arrival fallacy', a term coined by Tal Ben-Shahar, is the false expectation that reaching a destination will bring lasting happiness. Together, they explain the mechanism: expectations inflate on the way to the goal, adaptation begins at the moment of achievement, and the gap is felt as emptiness. Options 1, 3, and 4 are real concepts but do not explain this phenomenon. As a remedy, Sonja Lyubomirsky's research shows that activities focused on relationships and the process of growth are less subject to adaptation than achievement-type goals.
この知見を「目標を持っても無駄だ」と解釈すると、野心や努力を放棄する虚無主義に陥ります。また、順応の速さには個人差と状況差があり、貧困からの脱出のような基本的な変化は、持続的な幸福の向上をもたらすことが多く、すべての達成が空虚に終わるわけではありません。Interpreting this finding as 'goals are pointless' leads to nihilism that abandons ambition and effort. Adaptation speed also varies by person and situation, and basic changes such as escaping poverty often produce lasting improvements in well-being, so not every achievement ends in emptiness.
目標を「到達点」ではなく「方向」として設定し、達成後の次の方向をあらかじめ考えておきます。達成の喜びを味わう時間を意図的に確保し、達成を可能にした人々と分かち合うことで、順応を遅らせます。日々の充実（関係、学び、貢献）を測る指標を、成果指標と並べて持ちます。Set goals as directions rather than destinations, and think in advance about the next direction after achievement. Deliberately make time to savor accomplishments and share them with the people who made them possible, which slows adaptation. Keep indicators of daily fulfillment (relationships, learning, contribution) alongside outcome metrics.